Waste materials for cement production
Type
Thesis
Authors
Category
Pages
56
Abstract
With increasing industrialization, the industrial by products (wastes) are being accumulated to a large extent, leading to environmental and economic concerns related to their disposal (land filling (WA) dust, bark) for power generation or other uses. The Government at present addresses waste management through Republic Act 9003 known as "Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000" whereby it is the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological waste management program which ensures the protection of public health and environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resources conservation and recovery. It also set guidelines on solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through waste minimization measures which include
composting, recycling, re-use, recovery and so on.As industrialization is growing, construction is evident. The use of cement product is widely used. Cement is a basic material for building and civil engineering construction. Considerably, having alternative materials for cement production could be of help on its production cost. The use of mussel, oyster and egg shells in cement concrete mix will make it cost effective and environment friendly disposal of the product. More so, cement is an energy extensive industrial commodity and leads to the emission of a vast amount of greenhouse gases. By reducing the demand of cement, natural reserves of limestone can be preserved, energy can be saved and pollution due to CO2 can be reduced.
In view of the foregoing, this research attempted to utilize waste materials as alternative raw materials for manufacturing cement. These waste materials include mussel shells, oyster shells and egg shells. This was conceptualized out of the researcher's innate desire to preserve the natural resources and maximize the use of materials so that possible pollutants can be minimized. The study entails researching on the properties of certain waste materials and determining how these can be useful in discovering alternative source of cement. It is not limited to simply identifying the useful material but also in having an actual product and testing outcome to determine how it would fare against the existing cement.
In the conduct of the study, the researcher used purely experimental method, which is an objective, systematic, and controlled investigation done to predict and control phenomena and examine probability among selected variables (Calderon, 1993). In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one or more independent variables, controls any other relevant variables, and observes the effect of the manipulations on the dependent variable(s) (Ary, 2006).
Consequently, the science experimental study will undergo three (3) phases. Phase 1: Gathering of Shell Waste Materials; Phase 2: Preparation of powdered shell waste materials; Phase 3: Preparation of Different Treatments. and Phase 4: Testing Procedure
The result of the study conducted for physical appearance of the three concentrations with the following pulverized shell waste arrangement, mussel shells, oyster shells and egg shells, that is, treatment A 50:30:20, treatment B 30:50:20 and treatment C 20:30:50 shows that the amount of water added to the different ratio shows a greater mixture requirement on the PNS ASTM 114-2005. In terms of the colour, all sample waste materials were dark gray. More so, in terms of odour, scent were the same as with commercial cement. However, in terms of texture, for mussel and oyster shell, it was thick and had a smoothness, resembling a mortar made with commercial cement while for egg shell, texture was a little coarse as with commercial cement.
On the other hand, the determined appropriate concentration of shell waste material for cement production was treatment A, 50:30:20 where observably, it binded like cement in 7days, while treatment B 30:50:20 bind
slightly in 9 days and treatment C 20:30:50 loosened even until 10 days In terms of comparing the experimental to the commercial cement product, using F-test, shows a significant difference between the experimental and controlled sample cement. Furthermore, it showed significant difference at which Treatment A exhibited positive result among the three physical tests compared to treatments B and C. Treatment score showed that waste cement material with greater amount of egg shell could increase the water absorption capacity of the sample. Moreover, the value of SD indicates that the data in Treatment A was close to the relative to the mean unlike Treatment B and C. where the SD value indicated that the data gathered were spread out over a wider range of values.
Conclusively, incorporating shell waste materials could be in a way helps cement production to a certain extent. It also shows that incorporating shell waste with more egg shells could slightly increase the tensile strength of the cement product. As aforementioned, this increase could be attributed to the fact that calcerous substance of eggs acts as obstacles to crack propagation.
composting, recycling, re-use, recovery and so on.As industrialization is growing, construction is evident. The use of cement product is widely used. Cement is a basic material for building and civil engineering construction. Considerably, having alternative materials for cement production could be of help on its production cost. The use of mussel, oyster and egg shells in cement concrete mix will make it cost effective and environment friendly disposal of the product. More so, cement is an energy extensive industrial commodity and leads to the emission of a vast amount of greenhouse gases. By reducing the demand of cement, natural reserves of limestone can be preserved, energy can be saved and pollution due to CO2 can be reduced.
In view of the foregoing, this research attempted to utilize waste materials as alternative raw materials for manufacturing cement. These waste materials include mussel shells, oyster shells and egg shells. This was conceptualized out of the researcher's innate desire to preserve the natural resources and maximize the use of materials so that possible pollutants can be minimized. The study entails researching on the properties of certain waste materials and determining how these can be useful in discovering alternative source of cement. It is not limited to simply identifying the useful material but also in having an actual product and testing outcome to determine how it would fare against the existing cement.
In the conduct of the study, the researcher used purely experimental method, which is an objective, systematic, and controlled investigation done to predict and control phenomena and examine probability among selected variables (Calderon, 1993). In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one or more independent variables, controls any other relevant variables, and observes the effect of the manipulations on the dependent variable(s) (Ary, 2006).
Consequently, the science experimental study will undergo three (3) phases. Phase 1: Gathering of Shell Waste Materials; Phase 2: Preparation of powdered shell waste materials; Phase 3: Preparation of Different Treatments. and Phase 4: Testing Procedure
The result of the study conducted for physical appearance of the three concentrations with the following pulverized shell waste arrangement, mussel shells, oyster shells and egg shells, that is, treatment A 50:30:20, treatment B 30:50:20 and treatment C 20:30:50 shows that the amount of water added to the different ratio shows a greater mixture requirement on the PNS ASTM 114-2005. In terms of the colour, all sample waste materials were dark gray. More so, in terms of odour, scent were the same as with commercial cement. However, in terms of texture, for mussel and oyster shell, it was thick and had a smoothness, resembling a mortar made with commercial cement while for egg shell, texture was a little coarse as with commercial cement.
On the other hand, the determined appropriate concentration of shell waste material for cement production was treatment A, 50:30:20 where observably, it binded like cement in 7days, while treatment B 30:50:20 bind
slightly in 9 days and treatment C 20:30:50 loosened even until 10 days In terms of comparing the experimental to the commercial cement product, using F-test, shows a significant difference between the experimental and controlled sample cement. Furthermore, it showed significant difference at which Treatment A exhibited positive result among the three physical tests compared to treatments B and C. Treatment score showed that waste cement material with greater amount of egg shell could increase the water absorption capacity of the sample. Moreover, the value of SD indicates that the data in Treatment A was close to the relative to the mean unlike Treatment B and C. where the SD value indicated that the data gathered were spread out over a wider range of values.
Conclusively, incorporating shell waste materials could be in a way helps cement production to a certain extent. It also shows that incorporating shell waste with more egg shells could slightly increase the tensile strength of the cement product. As aforementioned, this increase could be attributed to the fact that calcerous substance of eggs acts as obstacles to crack propagation.
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